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Mary, Queen of Scots (1542–1587), was one of the most fascinating and tragic figures of the 16th century. Born Mary Stuart, she became Queen of Scotland when she was just six days old after the death of her father, James V. Raised partly in France, she married the French dauphin and briefly became Queen of France, but returned to Scotland after his death.

Her reign was turbulent, marked by political and religious conflicts in a nation divided between Catholic and Protestant factions. Mary’s marriages—to Lord Darnley, then the Earl of Bothwell—were scandalous and politically disastrous, leading to her forced abdication in favor of her infant son, James VI.

Seeking safety, Mary fled to England to her cousin, Queen Elizabeth I, but instead spent 19 years in captivity. She was implicated in plots to overthrow Elizabeth, and in 1587 she was executed for treason. Her life has since been remembered as a blend of romance, political intrigue, and tragic